Dating in Spanish, translation, English

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Spanish was an official language of the from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. It is widely spoken in , and also commonly spoken in , although is the official language there. UN-2 es En una carta fechada el 5 de mayo el Gobierno respondió al llamamiento urgente de la Relatora Especial, de fecha 28 de abril, en relación con el Padre Lino Sebit y el Padre Hilary Boma, que fueron detenidos y acusados de los bombardeos ocurridos en Jartum el 30 de junio de 1998, que tenían como blanco instalaciones civiles vitales, entre ellas centrales eléctricas y un teatro. A small number of Moroccan Jews also speak the Sephardic Spanish dialect related to the dialect spoken in.

Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Retrieved 24 July 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

Dating in Spanish, translation, English

Spanish-based creole languages spoken This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper , you may see instead of characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see. Spanish is a part of the , which evolved from several dialects of in after the collapse of the in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in , then capital of the , in the 13th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the viceroyalties of the , most notably to , as well as , and the. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary is derived from. Spanish vocabulary has been in contact with from an early date, having developed during the era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin. It has also been influenced by , , , , and by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. Additionally, it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages, particularly the Romance languages—, , , , , and —as well as from , , and. Spanish is one of the of the. It is also used as an by the , the , the , the , the and by. It is estimated that more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a , which qualifies it as second on the. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, , and. It is also an optional language in the as it was a from 1569 to 1899. In the , Spanish is the mother tongue of 8% of the population, with an additional 7% speaking it as a second language. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the. In 2011 it was estimated by the that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over, 38 million speak Spanish at home. According to a 2011 paper by U. Census Bureau Demographers Jennifer Ortman and Hyon B. Shin, the number of Spanish speakers is projected to rise through 2020 to anywhere between 39 million and 43 million, depending on the assumption one makes about immigration. Most of these Spanish speakers will be Hispanic, with Ortman and Shin projecting between 37. Map indicating places where the language is called castellano or español In Spain and in some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only Spanish but also Castilian , the language from the , contrasting it with other such as , , , , and. The uses the term castellano to define the of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas lit. Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The , on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications, but from 1713 to 1923 called the language castellano. The a language guide published by the Spanish Royal Academy states that, although the Spanish Royal Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano—are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. Two etymologies for español have been suggested. The derives the term from the word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, 'from—or pertaining to—Hispania'. The Visigothic , written in a late form of Latin, were declared in 2010 by the Spanish Royal Academy as the record of the earliest words written in Castilian, predating those of the. The Spanish language evolved from , which was brought to the by the during the , beginning in 210 BC. Previously, several pre-Roman languages also called —unrelated to Latin, and some of them unrelated even to Indo-European—were spoken in the Iberian Peninsula. These languages included still spoken today , , and. The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the and into the , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring — , , , , , , , and later, and. Spanish also borrowed a considerable number of words from , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic through the migration of tribes and a period of rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both and , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to the theories of , local of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of , and this dialect was later brought to the city of , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, , and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence see. This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the of , much of it indirectly, through the Romance some 4,000 -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today. The written standard for this new language was developed in the cities of , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and , from the 1570s. In early Spanish but not in Catalan or Portuguese it merged with the consonant written b a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones. In modern Spanish, there is between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v, with some exceptions in Caribbean Spanish. The h-, still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects it is still aspirated in some words. The , written in in 1492 by , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In the twentieth century, Spanish was introduced to and the , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as in. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see. Most of the grammatical and features of Spanish are shared with the other. The and systems exhibit two and two , in addition articles and some and have a neuter gender in singular. There are about fifty forms per , with 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 aspects for past: perfective, imperfective; 4 moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; 3 persons: first, second, third; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 3 forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle. Verbs express by using different persons for formal and informal addresses. For a detailed overview of verbs, see and. Spanish is considered , meaning that subordinate or tend to be placed after their head words. The language uses rather than postpositions or inflection of nouns for , and usually—though not always—places after , as do most other Romance languages. The language is classified as a language; however, as in most Romance languages, constituent order is highly variable and governed mainly by and rather than by syntax. Main article: The Spanish phonemic system is originally descended from that of. Its development exhibits some traits in common with the neighboring dialects—especially and —as well as other traits unique to. Where Latin had -li- before a vowel e. Portuguese filho, orelha; Catalan fill, orella. Spanish varies significantly according to dialect but generally conforms to a pattern of falling tone for declarative sentences and wh-questions who, what, why, etc. There are no syntactic markers to distinguish between questions and statements and thus, the recognition of declarative or interrogative depends entirely on intonation. Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth-last or earlier syllables. Thus, regular verbs ending with -n and the great majority of words ending with -s are stressed on the penult. Although a significant number of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are also stressed on the penult joven, virgen, mitin , the great majority of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are stressed on their last syllable capitán, almacén, jardín, corazón. Exceptions to those rules are indicated by an acute accent mark over the vowel of the stressed syllable. Spanish is the primary language of 20 countries worldwide. It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 and 500 million, making it the second most widely spoken language in terms of native speakers. Spanish is the third most spoken language by total number of speakers after and. Europe Less than 1% In , Spanish is an official language of Spain, the country after which it is named and from which it originated. It is widely spoken in , and also commonly spoken in , although is the official language there. Spanish is also spoken by small communities in other European countries, such as the , , , and. Spanish is an official language of the. In , which had a massive influx of Spanish migrants in the 20th century, Spanish is the of 2. Americas Hispanic America Main article: Most Spanish speakers are in ; of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only and are outside the. Spanish has no official recognition in the former of ; however, per the 2000 census, it is spoken by 43% of the population. Mainly, it is spoken by the descendants of Hispanics who have been in the region since the seventeenth century; however, English is the official language. Due to their proximity to Spanish-speaking countries, and have implemented Spanish language teaching into their education systems. The Trinidad government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language SAFFL initiative in March 2005. In 2005, the approved a bill, signed into law by the , making it mandatory for to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law was revoked by after. In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a known as is spoken. United States Spanish spoken in the United States and Puerto Rico. Darker shades of green indicate higher percentages of Spanish speakers. According to 2006 census data, 44. The Spanish language has a long history of presence in the United States due to early Spanish and, later, Mexican administration over territories now forming the , also ruled by Spain from 1762 to 1802, as well as , which was Spanish territory until 1821. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the US, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of. The language also has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of , , , , , , and ; as well as more recently, , , , , , , , , , , , , , and due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Africa Bilingual signage of in Western Sahara written in Spanish and Arabic. In , Spanish is official along with Portuguese and French in , as well as an official language of the. In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when native and non-native speakers around 500,000 people are counted, while is the most spoken language by number of native speakers. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in North Africa, which include the of and , the , and the archipelago population 2,000,000 , located some 100 km 62 mi off the northwest coast of mainland Africa. In northern , a former that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak , while Arabic is the de jure official language. A small number of Moroccan Jews also speak the Sephardic Spanish dialect related to the dialect spoken in. Spanish is spoken by some small communities in because of the Cuban influence from the and in among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned in time for their country's independence. In , formerly , Spanish was officially spoken during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today, Spanish in this disputed territory is maintained by populations of Sahrawi nomads numbering about 500,000 people, and is de facto official alongside Arabic in the , although this entity receives limited international recognition. Asia-Pacific newspaper and a Filipino. Spanish was an official language of the from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During 1565—1898 , it was the language of government, trade and education, and spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos. In the mid-nineteenth century, the colonial government set up a free public education system with Spanish as the medium of instruction. This increased use of Spanish throughout the islands led to the formation of a class of Spanish-speaking intellectuals called the. By the time of Philippine independence in 1898, around 70% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, with 10% speaking it as their first and only language and about 60% of the population spoke it as their second or third language. Despite American administration after the defeat of Spain in the in 1898, the usage of Spanish continued in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration. Gradually, however, the American government began increasingly promoting the use of English, and it characterized Spanish as a negative influence of the past. Eventually, by the 1920s, English became the primary language of administration and education. But despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines when it became independent in 1946, alongside English and , a standardized version of. The first two constitutions were written in Spanish. Spanish was removed from official status in 1973 under the administration of , but regained its status as an official language two months later under Presidential Decree No. It remained an official language until 1987, with the ratification of the present constitution, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. In 2010, President encouraged the reintroduction of Spanish-language teaching in the Philippine education system. But by 2012, the number of secondary schools at which the language was either a compulsory subject or an elective had become very limited. Today, despite government promotions of Spanish, less than 0. Aside from standard Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language——developed in the southern Philippines. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. Speakers of the Zamboangueño variety of Chavacano were numbered about 360,000 in the 2000 census. The local also retain some Spanish influence, with many words being derived from , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through until 1821, and then directly from Madrid until 1898. Spanish loan words are present in the local languages of , , , and , all of which formerly comprised the. Spanish speakers by country The following table shows the number of Spanish speakers in some 79 countries. Country Population Spanish as a native language speakers Native speakers or very good speakers as a second language Total number of Spanish speakers including limited competence speakers 124,737,789 115,631,930 92. The variety with the most speakers is. It is spoken by more than twenty percent of the world's Spanish speakers more than 112 million of the total of more than 500 million, according to the table above. In Spain, northern dialects are popularly thought of as closer to the standard, although positive attitudes toward southern dialects have increased significantly in the last 50 years. Even so, the speech of Madrid, which has typically southern features such as and s-aspiration, is the standard variety for use on radio and television. The educated Madrid variety has most influenced the written standard for Spanish. Such a phonemic merger is called in Spanish. Morphology The main variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns, especially those of the second and, to a lesser extent, the of the third. Voseo An examination of the dominance and stress of the voseo dialect in Hispanic America. Data generated as illustrated by the. The darker the area, the stronger its dominance. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used, with usted, tú, and vos denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy. The verb forms of general voseo are the same as those used with tú except in the present and verbs. General voseo Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Present Simple past Imperfect past Future Conditional Present Past pensás pensaste pensabas pensarás pensarías pienses pensaras pensases pensá volvés volviste volvías volverás volverías vuelvas volvieras volvieses volvé dormís dormiste dormías dormirás dormirías duermas durmieras durmieses dormí The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. In Chilean voseo on the other hand, almost all verb forms are distinct from their standard tú-forms. Chilean voseo Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Present Simple past Imperfect past Future Conditional Present Past pensáis pensaste pensabais pensarás pensaríais pensís pensarais pensases piensa volvís volviste volvíais volverás volveríais volváis volvierais volvieses vuelve dormís dormiste dormíais dormirás dormiríais durmáis durmieras durmieses duerme The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. In Chile, for example, verbal voseo is much more common than the actual use of the pronoun vos, which is usually reserved for highly informal situations. And in Central American voseo, one can see even further distinction. Central American voseo Indicative Subjunctive Imperative Present Simple past Imperfect past Future Conditional Present Past pensás pensaste pensabas pensarás pensarías pensés pensaras pensases pensá volvés volviste volvías volverás volverías volvás volvieras volvieses volvé dormís dormiste dormías dormirás dormirías durmás durmieras durmieses dormí The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas Although vos is not used in Spain, it occurs in many Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of tuteo the use of tú in the following areas: almost all of , the West Indies, , most of , , and coastal. Tuteo as a cultured form alternates with voseo as a popular or rural form in , in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes and most notably in the Venezuelan state of , and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers maintain that voseo can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, and others assert that it is absent from the island. Tuteo exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar voseo in , in the Venezuelan state of , on the Caribbean coast of , in the in Panama, in the Mexican state of , and in parts of Guatemala. Areas of generalized voseo include , , eastern , , , , , , and the Colombian departments of , , , and. Ustedes Ustedes functions as formal and informal second person plural in over 90% of the Spanish-speaking world, including all of Hispanic America, the , and some regions of. In , , , and other parts of western , the familiar form is constructed as ustedes vais, using the traditional second-person plural form of the verb. Most of Spain maintains the with ustedes and vosotros respectively. Usted Usted is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, but it is used jointly with the third-person singular voice of the verb. It is also used in a familiar context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of tú or vos. This usage is sometimes called in Spanish. In Central America, especially in Honduras, usted is often used as a formal pronoun to convey respect between the members of a romantic couple. Usted is also used that way as well as between parents and children in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. Vocabulary Some words can be significantly different in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot' correspond to manteca word used for in , palta, and damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile except manteca , Paraguay, Peru except manteca and damasco , and Uruguay. Linguistic map of Spain with Spanish shown in light green. Spanish is closely related to the other , including , , , , , and. It is generally acknowledged that Portuguese and Spanish speakers can communicate in written form, with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. For Spanish and Portuguese, that figure is 89%. Italian, on the other hand its phonology similar to Spanish, but has a lower lexical similarity of 82%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and or between Spanish and is lower still, given lexical similarity ratings of 75% and 71% respectively. And comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is much lower, at an estimated 45%. In general, thanks to the common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages, interlingual comprehension of the written word is greater than that of oral communication. The following table compares the forms of some common words in several Romance languages: Spanish nos nosotros nós 1 nós 1 nós, nosotros nusatros nosaltres arch. Also nós outros in early modern Portuguese e. Alternatively nous autres in. Also noialtri in Southern. Depending on the written norm used see. Romanian caș from Latin cāsevs means a type of cheese. The universal term for cheese in Romanian is brânză from unknown etymology. Judaeo-Spanish An original letter in Haketia, written in 1832. Judaeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a variety of Spanish which preserves many features of medieval Spanish and Portuguese and is spoken by descendants of the who were. Conversely, in Portugal the vast majority of the Portuguese Jews converted and became 'New Christians'. Therefore, its relationship to Spanish is comparable with that of the to. Ladino speakers today are almost exclusively Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece, or the Balkans, and living mostly in Israel, Turkey, and the United States, with a few communities in Hispanic America. Judaeo-Spanish lacks the which was acquired by standard Spanish during the , and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Spanish, including vocabulary from , French, Greek and , and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled. Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim immigrants to who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian. A related dialect is , the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region. Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z. Since 2010, none of the digraphs ch, ll, rr, gu, qu is considered a letter by the Spanish Royal Academy. The letters k and w are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages kilo, folklore, whisky, kiwi, etc. With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as see , pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an on the. The interrogative pronouns qué, cuál, dónde, quién, etc. Accent marks used to be omitted on capital letters a widespread practice in the days of and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents , although the Real Academia Española advises against this and the orthographic conventions taught at schools enforce the use of the accent. A ü indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be e. Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with ¿ and ¡, respectively. Arms of the Royal Spanish Academy The Real Academia Española Royal Spanish Academy , founded in 1713, together with the 21 other national ones see , exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides. Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media. Association of Spanish Language Academies Countries members of the ASALE. The Association of Spanish Language Academies Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, or ASALE is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It was created in Mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world. It comprises the academies of 23 countries, ordered by date of Academy foundation: 1713 , 1871 , 1874 , 1875 , 1876 , 1883 , 1885 , 1887 , 1887 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 , 1926 , 1927 , 1927 , 1927 , 1928 , 1931 , 1943 , 1949 , 1955 , 1973 and 2016. This organization has branched out in over 20 different countries, with 54 centers devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures and Spanish language. The ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote universally the education, the study, and the use of Spanish as a second language, to support methods and activities that help the process of Spanish-language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures in non-Spanish-speaking countries. Among the sources cited in the report is the , which estimates that the U. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Asterisks mark the for the top dozen languages. Archived from on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2010. 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Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in North Africa, which include the of andtheand the archipelago population 2,000,000located some 100 km 62 mi off the northwest coast of mainland Africa. Retrieved 5 February 2011. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used, with usted, tú, and vos denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy. Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. The Trinidad government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language SAFFL initiative in March 2005. In theSpanish is the mother tongue of 8% of the population, with an additional 7% speaking it as a second language.